SPAIN

Links: ~ Spain - General Information ~ Spanish History ~  Spanish Explorers ~

Spanish Mapping ~ Spanish Main ~ Spanish Treasure Fleet ~ Manila Galleons ~

Pirates ~ Spanish Port Cities  ~ (Acapulco MX ~ Cadiz Spain ~ Canary Islands ~

Cartagena Colombia ~ Galveston TX ~ Havana Cuba ~ Mobile AL ~ Manila Philippines ~

New Orleans LA ~ Panama ~ Pensacola FL ~ St. Augustine FL ~ Veracruz MX) ~

Spanish History in the Americas ~ Spain & the American Revolutionary War ~

Spanish American War ~ Spanish Language ~ World Catholic Population ~

Spanish Money ~ Spanish Law ~ Spanish Highways ~ Spanish Arts ~

Spanish Bullfighting & Cattle ~ Spanish Horses ~  Spanish Sheep & Goats ~

            ~ SPAIN ~ STATE OF NEW MEXICO ~ 4 CORNERS SW USA ~

                   SPAIN - GENERAL INFORMATION

        Welcome to “Si, Spain” – Information on Current Affairs,

               Historical, Linguistic & Cultural Development -

                   http://www.sispain.org/

          Spain, General Information - CIA Gov Site

                   http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sp.html

          Spain, MAP - U Texas Austin Site -                                                            

                   http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/spain.jpg

~ SPAIN-GENERAL INFORMATION ~ SPAIN ~

          Journey through Spain – Links – Photos – Text – Cyber Spain Site -

                   http://www.cyberspain.com/index.html

          Traveling in Spain  - Culture & History – Site of Links –

               Traveling in Spain Site -

                   http://travelinginspain.com/culture.html 

          Tourism in Spain – Photos – Links -

                   http://www.spain.info/Tourspain/?language=en

         The Prado Museum –

                   http://museoprado.mcu.es/home.html

         Cordoba – Inline Photos – Text – Links – red 2000 site -

                   http://www.red2000.com/spain/cordoba/  

~ SPAIN-GENERAL INFORMATION ~ SPAIN ~

                            SPANISH HISTORY

         A Short History of Spain by Manuel Fernandez Alvarez,

      U of Salamanca –

                   http://www.conquistador.com/spanhistory.html

         Spain History – Roman Period (210 BC – 476 AD) – Text –

                Spain-Madrid Site -

                   http://www.spain-madrid.com/general/history/b-roman-period.htm

         Moorish Spain – MAP - Text – Pictures – Links – Fiesta Siesta Site -

                   http://www.1st-4-spanish-property.com/history/moors.html

 ~ SPANISH HISTORY ~  SPAIN ~

          “The Moors in Spain” – How we almost lost our scientific roots –

               by Henry Mulder –

                   http://www.scienceandyou.org/articles/ess_06.shtml

          Spain 1492-1598 – Text – Links – Historical Text Archive Site -

          http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=321

          Spanish Empire – MAP – Links - Encarta Site –

          http://encarta.msn.com/media_461518061/Spanish_Empire.html

 ~ SPANISH HISTORY ~  SPAIN ~

          Spanish Empire – Many Links – 16^th & 17^th Centuries –

               Text – Photos - Wikipedia site -

                   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire  

          Spain – Former Overseas & European Territories – Flag Spot Site –

                   http://flagspot.net/flags/es_colon.html#for

          Spanish Exploration & Settlement – City of Cerritos Site

                   http://www.ci.cerritos.ca.us/library/history/chapter2.html

          Spanish Colonial System – Many Links - 1550-1800 - Bartleby Site -

                   http://www.bartleby.com/67/908.html

 ~ SPANISH HISTORY ~  SPAIN ~

                                     Spanish Explorers

          Spanish Explorers – Chart – Mt. City Elementary TN Site -

                   http://www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/explorers.htm

          Spanish Explorers – Bios – MAP – Links – World Book Site -

                http://www2.worldbook.com/wc/popup?path=features/explores&page=html/newworld_ose.html&direct=yes

          Explorers of North America – Site of Links - Voyages – Conquistadores - 

             MAPS -  Technische Universitet Eindoven Site -

                   http://www.win.tue.nl/cs/fm/engels/discovery/northam.html 

~ Spanish Explorers ~ SPAIN ~

          Explorers before Lewis & Clark – Text – MAP - Charts – NPS Site –

http://www.nps.gov/jeff/LewisClark2/Circa1804/WestwardExpansion/EarlyExplorers/EarlyExplorers.htm

           Portuguese  & Spanish Methods of Exploration & Trade – Text by

              Rit Nostro – Hyper History Site –

          http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw25portugalspainexplortrade.htm

          Spanish Exploration & Settlement – City of Cerritos Site

                   http://www.ci.cerritos.ca.us/library/history/chapter2.html

~ Spanish Explorers ~ SPAIN ~

                                            Spanish Mapping

          The Spanish Influence on Surveying & Mapping in the Americas –

              by Roy Minnick – Text with Drawings – Long download - PDF Site –

                   http://www.ddl.org/figtree/pub/fig_2002/HS3/HS3_minnick.pdf 

          Spain Maps Her New World – Text by David Buisseret in

              “Encounters” – Millersville U, PA Site -

          http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/BUISSER1.ART

          The world in your hands: recent cartographic acquisitions –

              New Spain Information – Text – Images – Links by Katherine

              R. Goodwin - U Texas, Arlington Libraries –

                   http://libraries.uta.edu/SpecColl/Crose00/cartacq.htm

 ~ Spanish Mapping ~  SPAIN ~

          The 1562 Map of America of Diego Gutierrez – Text – Images –

             By Dr. John R. Herbert – Library of Congress –

                   http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gutierrz.html

          Spanish America – MAP – Based on Manuscript Charts of

               Juan Lopez de Velasco - The Map House site -

          http://www.themaphouse.com/archive/amercat/amer1592.html

          Spanish Exploration of the NW Coast of North America – Text –

              By John Robson -

                   http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~vspanish1.html

          Portuguese & Spanish Methods of Exploration & Trade – Text by

              Rit Nostro – Hyper History Site –

          http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw25portugalspainexplortrade.htm

 ~ Spanish Mapping ~  SPAIN ~

                                     SPANISH MAIN

            The Caribbean Coast in mainland Central America & the

                         Northern Coast of South American

            The Spanish Main – Text – Pictures – MAP – Links –

                 Blindkat Publishers Site -

                  http://blindkat.hegewisch.net/pirates/spmain.html

           The Spanish Main – “Reefs, Wrecks & Rascals” Text – Pictures –

               MAP – Links – Mel Fisher - Maritime Museum Site –

                   http://www.melfisher.org/reefswrecks/spanish.htm  

           Ships Exploration Discovery Research – Many Links – Link to

             Interactive MAP of Shipwrecks, More – Ships of Discovery Site -

                   http://www.shipsofdiscovery.org/

            Spanish Mariners 1492-1805 - Text - Link - Historical Text Archive Site -

          http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=525

~ SPANISH MAIN ~  SPAIN ~

                      SPANISH TREASURE FLEET SYSTEM

         History of Spanish Treasure Fleets - Text –

               RS Operations LLC Site -

                   http://rsoperations.com/History/History.htm 

          The History of the Spanish Treasure Fleet System – Text – Pictures –

                Florida State U. Site -

                   http://www.adp.fsu.edu/fleet.html    

   ~ Spanish Treasure Fleet ~  SPAIN ~

          The Treasure Fleet – 1556-1790 – Text – Links – Bruce Ruiz Site –

                   http://www.bruce.ruiz.net/PanamaHistory/treasure_fleet.htm 

          Spanish Treasure Fleets – Text – Pictures –  General Information–

             About Galleons - Miami Museum of Science Site –

                   http://www.miamisci.org/shipwreck/cargoes.html

          The Galleon Routes - MAP – Text - RS Operations LLC site -  

          http://rsoperations.com/History/Galleon_Routes/Galleon_Routes.htm      

          The Spanish Galleons – Description of:   Text - Links – Cindy Vallar Site –

                    http://www.cindyvallar.com/galleons.html  

   ~ Spanish Treasure Fleet ~  SPAIN ~ 

          The Atlantic Coastline: The Gulf Stream – Text – Coastal Guide Site –

                   http://www.coastalguide.com/bearings/gulfstream01.htm

          The Gulf Stream – Text – by John Elliot Pillsbury – NOAA site -

                   http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/gulfstream2.html#top

          Cape Hatteras – The Outer Banks – Photos – Text – Links –

                Outer Banks Chamber Site –

          http://www.outerbankschamber.com/relocation/history/capehatteras.cfm

   ~ Spanish Treasure Fleet ~  SPAIN ~

                             MANILA GALLEONS

                     From Acapulco Mexico to the Philippines     

          The Manila Galleons – Text – Pictures – Links – by Steve Singer –

              Treasure Expeditions Site –

          http://www.treasureexpeditions.com/The-Manila-Galleons.htm 

~ Manila Galleons ~  SPAIN ~

          The Kuroshio Current – Pacific Ocean - MAP – Encarta MSN Site –

                   http://encarta.msn.com/map_701513826/Kuroshio_Current.html

          Foreign Contact with Hawaii Before Captain Cook – Spanish - Text –

              Pictures – Links – European Influences in Ancient Hawaii –

              Captain Rick Site –

                   http://www.captainrick.com/influences.htm

~ Manila Galleons ~  SPAIN ~

          Guam’s Cocos Island – Text – MAP of Spanish Galleon Trade – Links –

                   http://ns.gu/cocos.html 

          Rediscovering Nuestros Companeros Mexicanas, The Mexican

             Connection – Text – Links – Article by Carlos Quirino –

             Los Indios Bravos Site

                   http://www.los-indios-bravos.com/english/eng_proj_06.html 

Manton de Manila (Manila’s Shawl) – History of

          http://www.spanishpassion.com/manton/manton_ha_i.html

   ~ Manila Galleons ~  SPAIN ~

                                     PIRATES

          The Pirates’ Caribbean – Text – Large MAP – Links –

          http://www.kipar.org/piratical-resources/pirate-carib-guide.html 

          The Influence of Piracy on Trade and the Empire – Text – Pictures –

                  By Mark Danzeisen - Trinity College, CT Site -

                   http://www.trincoll.edu/~mdanzeis/final.htm  

          Notorious Places of Pyrate Lore – Text with Links –

               Blind Kat Pub. Site -

                  http://blindkat.hegewisch.net/pirates/notorius.html

   ~ Pirates ~  SPAIN ~

                                   SPANISH PORT CITIES

Links: ~ Acapulco MX  ~ Cadiz Spain ~  Canary Islands ~ Cartagena Colombia  ~

Galveston TX ~ Havana Cuba ~ Mobile AL ~ Manila Philippines ~ New Orleans LA ~

Panama ~ Pensacola FL ~ St. Augustine FL ~ Veracruz MX ~

                                                           ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                          Acapulco, Mexico

          Acapulco Information – Links –

                   http://www.acapulco.com/en/index.html

          Acapulco Introduction – Port History – Visitor Information -

             History - Text - Links – Fly Cheap OL Site –

                   http://www.flycheapol.com/defaultacapulcointro.html

          Acapulco Interactive MAP  - Maps of Mexico Site –

          http://www.maps-of-mexico.com/acapulco_mexico_map.shtml

 ~ Acapulco MX  ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Mexico MAP – Acapulco shown – World Atlas Site –

          http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/mxcolor.htm

          Acapulco History – Text – Sight Seeing Photos by

              Fred Meulemeester –

                   http://www.fredsphoto.on.ca/aca-sights.htm  

          Acapulco Port History – Text – Photos – Links –

              Los Celajes Luxury Villas Site –

                   http://www.loscelajes.com/localhistory.htm

          The Port of Acapulco, the link with the Philippines, the final destination  

              In America – Text – Links – Pictures - by Ostwald Sales Colin -

http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/english/historia/colonia/detalle.cfm?idsec=2&idsub=13&idpag=780

 ~ Acapulco MX  ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                                         Cadiz, Spain

               Cadiz was the Port City of exit and entry for Spanish Galleons

          Cadiz Spain – Text, Photos, Links – Andalucia Site –

                   http://www.andalucia.com/cities/cadiz.htm

          Cadiz Spain – Text – Rota Crony Site –

                   http://rotacrony.com/Cadiz.htm

          Cadiz Spain – MAP – Links – In Andalucia Site –

          http://www.in-andalucia.com/andalucia_guide/map/cadiz_map.htm

 ~ Cadiz Spain ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                               Canary Islands

          Canary Islands – Tour Guide - Links – A B Canarias Site –

                   http://www.abcanarias.com/

         The Spanish of the Canary Islands – Text – PSU Site –

                   http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm

 ~  Canary Islands ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Spain & The Canaries – Scroll to “Battle for the Longitude”

              Text – Links – Confluence Site –

                   http://www.confluence.org/confluence.php?visitid=4860

          Tenerife Island – Galleons of the Spanish Crown passed through.

               in Route to the West Indies – Text – Links – MGAR Site -

                   http://www.mgar.net/tnf.htm

          Canary Islands – Text – Links – MAP – Wikipedia Site –

                   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands

 ~  Canary Islands ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                                Cartagena, Colombia

          Cartagena Colombia – History – Discover Cartagena Site –

                   http://www.discovercartagena.com/Eng/history.htm

          Location MAP of Cartagena – Discover Cartagena Site –

                   http://www.discovercartagena.com/Eng/map.htm

          Cartagena History Text – World Facts Site –

                   http://worldfacts.us/Colombia-Cartagena.htm

          A Guide to Cartagena – Links – Cartagena Info Site –

                   http://www.cartagenainfo.net/

          Shed a Tear for Cartagena – History - Text  Pictures – Links –

              Boots n All Site –

          http://www.bootsnall.com/travelstories/sa/sep01cartagena1.shtml

 ~ Cartagena Colombia  ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                               Galveston Texas

                  Port Site between New Orleans LA & Vera Cruz MX

          Galveston Island TX –

                   http://www.galveston.com/

          Galveston Island TX History – Text – Links – Galveston TX Site –

                   http://www.galveston.com/history/

          MAP of Galveston TX – Tour Texas Site –

                   http://www.tourtexas.com/texasmap_hou.html

          Galveston Island TX – History – Text - Links – UTexas Site – 

http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/GG/hdg1.html

~ Galveston TX  ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                                 Havana Cuba

          Havana, Cuba – Links to All Things, Havana -

                   http://www.lahavana.com/

          Havana, Cuba – Colonial Period – Text & Links - Cuba Facts Site -

                   http://www.cubafacts.com/History/history_of_cuba2.htm

~ Havana Cuba ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Havana, Cuba – History – Text - MAPS – Photos – Links – Wikipedia Site –       

                   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana

          Havana, Cuba – History of the Seaport – Text – MAP – RS Operations Site –

                   http://www.rsoperations.com/History/Havana/Havana.htm

          Havana, Cuba – Pictures in Black & White – by Dan Heller –

                   http://www.danheller.com/cuba-havana-bw.html

          Cuba MAP – UTexas Site –

                   http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia04/cuba_sm04.gif

          The Havanas: Past, Present & Future – History of the Cigar – Article

               by Nathaniel & Andrew Lande – Smoke Magazine Site –

                   http://www.smokemag.com/0698/feature.htm

~ Havana Cuba ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                            Mobile Alabama

                         Port City established in 1702

          Mobile Bay Convention Site – Many Local Links -

                   http://www.mobilebay.org/

          Mobile AL Timeline – Links – City of Mobile Site –

                   http://www.cityofmobile.org/html/history/timeline.php

          Mobile History – Links – Mobile Public Library Local History & Genealogy –

                   http://www.mplonline.org/lhg.htm

          Mobile AL – History – Text – Links - Nation Master Site -

          http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Mobile%2C-Alabama

          Mobile Location MAP – Map Quest Site –

          http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?city=Mobile&state=al

~ Mobile AL ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                             Manila Philippines

          Manila City Tourist Site – Local Links -

                   http://www.manilacitytourist.com/

          MAP of the Philippines – Manila Shown - World Atlas Site -

          http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/ph.htm

          Manila – History with Links –

                   http://manila.biography.ms

~ Manila Philippines ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Manila City Brief History –Text – MAP – Links –

              Philippines Travel Center Site –

          http://www.philtravelcenter.com/philippines/travelinfo/manila-history.html

          The Republic of the Philippines – Text - Links – MAP -

               Encyclopedia Labor Law Talk Site –

                   http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Phillipines

          Rediscovering Nuestros Companeros Mexicanas, The Mexican

                Connection- Article Los Indios Bravos – Filipino S.P.

                   http://www.los-indios-bravos.com/english/eng_proj_06.html

~ Manila Philippines ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                             New Orleans LA

                 French Royal Colony, Established 1718

                  After 1763 Spain  Ruled for 100 years

          New Orleans, LA – History Facts – Timeline –

                  City of New Orleans Site – 

                   http://www.new-orleans.la.us/history.asp

          Spanish Heritage Central to New Orleans Culture – Text -

              New Orleans On Line Site –

          http://www.neworleansonline.com/pr/releases/prsbiz/pr_hispanic.html

~ New Orleans LA ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          New Orleans LA – Historical Facts –Text – Images – Links – 

               New Orleans On Line Site –

          http://www.neworleansonline.com/neworleans/history/facts.html

          MAP of Louisiana – Louisiana State Site –

                   http://www.dotd.state.la.us/intermodal/wells/statemap.asp

~ New Orleans LA ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                                  Panama

          Panama Brief History – Text – Links - Panama Coralys Site –

                   http://panama.coralys.com/Default.aspx?id=BriefHistory

          Panama City, Panama – Pacific Coast – Text – History –

              Photos – Links – Central America Site –

                   http://centralamerica.com/panama/pancity.htm 

          PortoBello Panama – Port City on the Atlantic - History – MAP –

             Photos – Text - Escape Artist Site –                 

          http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/62/Visiting_Portobello.html 

~  Panama ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Nombre de Dios, Panama - Port City on the Atlantic – Photos – Text

          http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/pdamas05-historynd.htm

          Panama’s Spanish Forts – Text – Links – Explore Panama Site –  

                   http://www.explorepanama.com/interest/forts/forts.htm

~  Panama ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Panama Images – Photos – Travel Images Site –

                   http://www.travel-images.com/panama2.html

          Pearl Islands Panama History – Text – Hacienda Del Mar Site -

                   http://www.haciendadelmar.net/ingles/history.html

          Information about The Pack Trains – Early Transport - Text –

               Canada’s Digital Collections Site -

                   http://collections.ic.gc.ca/skeena/pack_trains.htm

~  Panama ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                               Pensacola FL

          Pensacola FL Visitor Information –

                   http://www.visitpensacola.com/

          Pensacola FL – Timeline – Spanish Discovery & Settlement -

                   http://www.nsg.navy.mil/sponsor/pensacola-history.asp

~  Pensacola FL ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Pensacola FL – Text - Links – Photos – Wilkipedia Site –  

                   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida

          Pensacola FL Maritime Site – History - Text – Photos – Links –

              First Spanish Settlement on the Gulf Coast - Brown Marine Site

                   http://brownmarine.com/pensacola-maritime.htm

          Pensacola Road MAP – Gibbons Realty Site –

                   http://www.gibbons-realty.com/road_map.html

          Northwest Florida MAP – Port of Pensacola Site –

                   http://www.portofpensacola.com/maps/nwflmap.htm

~  Pensacola FL ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                          St. Augustine Florida

                             Nations Oldest City 1565

          The City of St. Augustine – Official Site -

                   http://www.ci.st-augustine.fl.us/

          History of St. Augustine – Links – Text - St. Augustine Site –

                   http://www.ci.st-augustine.fl.us/visitors/history.html

          History of St. Augustine – Text – Pictures - SAMUG Site –

                   http://www.samug.org/web/history.html

          Old City – History & Information – Links –

                   http://www.oldcity.com/history-information.cfm

~ St. Augustine FL ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Pictures of Colonial Spanish Quarters – More – FREAC Site –

             http://www.freac.fsu.edu/HistoricPlaces/Counties/St_Johns.html

          Florida State MAP – See St. Augustine, near Jacksonville

              Northern FL East Coast – FL Marine Guide Site –

                   http://www.floridamarineguide.com/statemap.asp

          The First Thanksgiving – 1565 - "Forget the Pilgrims" – by Jay Sharp –

                   http://www.tompaine.com/feature2.cfm/ID/2567

~ St. Augustine FL ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

                             Veracruz Mexico

          The State of Veracruz Index – Photos – Text – Links – 

              Mex Connect site -

http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/veracruz/veracruzindex.html

          Travel Veracruz – Port of Entry for Mexican Music – Links -

          Article & Photos by Daisann McLane  – Mexico US Site –

                   http://www.mexico.us/veracruz.htm

~ Veracruz MX ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Mexico MAPS – Mexico US Site –

                   http://www.mexico.us/map.htm

         A Panaoramic MAP of Veracruz, by John Todd, Jr.

                   http://www.johntoddjr.com/50%20Vermaps/vermaps.htm

~ Veracruz MX ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

          Veracruz – “It’s the take off point for the greatest transfer of

              wealth in the history of mankind”  - History with Photos –

               Many Relevant Links – John Todd Jr. Site -

                  http://www.johntoddjr.com/03%20indexhist.html

        The First Veracruz – Quiahiztlan/Villa Rica – 1519-1523 –

               History with Photos – MAP – John Todd Jr. Site -

          http://www.johntoddjr.com/01%20Quiahuiztlan/quiahuiztlan0.html

~ Veracruz MX ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

        La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz – Founded by Cortez in 1519 -

             Text – Photos – Links – The Dagger Site -

                   http://thedagger.com/archive/conquest/villarica.html

       Antigua – The Second Veracruz - 1523-1636 – “For 300 years,

             Antigua was the only Official part of entry & exit point from Mexico” –

             Photos & Information – John Todd Jr. Site - – Long Download -

          http://www.johntoddjr.com/02%20Antigua/antigua0.html

      The Third Veracruz San Juan de Ulua – 1635-1825 – Text – Photos –

              MAP – John Todd Jr. Site – Long Download -

                   http://www.johntoddjr.com/06%20Veracruz/veracruz0.html

~ Veracruz MX ~ Spanish Port Cities ~  SPAIN ~

               SPANISH HISTORY in the AMERICAS

          Spanish History in the Americas – “Why learn this history stuff anyway?

     by Dick Shovel –

                   http://www.dickshovel.com/study.html

          Genocide of American Indians – Text – Running Deers Longhouse Site

                   http://www.runningdeerslonghouse.com/webdoc15.htm

~ SPANISH HISTORY in the AMERICAS ~ SPAIN ~

          The Conquest of the Aztec Empire - Herman Cortes –

                Text – MAP – Links – University of Calgary Site –    

                  http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/aztec.html

          The Conquest of the Inca Empire – Francisco Pizarro –

              Text – MAP – Links – University of Calgary Site -

                  http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/inca.html

~ SPANISH HISTORY in the AMERICAS ~ SPAIN ~

           Inca Empire – Text – MAP – Links - Peru Explorer Site –

                   http://www.peru-explorer.com/history.htm      

          Hispanic America – History Revisited – European Powers in the World –

             MAP 1713 – Text – US States with Spanish Connections -

             Spanish Management Aides Site –  

                   http://www.managementaides.com/my_interests/hispanic_america.htm

          MAPS – New Spain – with Text – Chart Spanish Administration &

              Missions – Irish Involvement - Moran Site -

                   http://users.ev1.net/~gpmoran/Prologue2.htm

~ SPANISH HISTORY in the AMERICAS ~ SPAIN ~

            Myth & Reality, The Legacy of Spain in America by Jesus J. Chao –

              Text with References – Institute of Hispanic Culture of Houston –

               Free Republic Site –

                   http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/808686/posts

          Spanish Colonization of the Americas – Wikipedia Site -  

                   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas

          Timeline – of NM History – Spanish Explorers – Spanish Settlements –

                   http://www.rootsweb.com/~nmbernal/time.htm             

          The New Laws of the Indies 1542 – Spain – by Henry Stevens –

              Fordham Univ. Site -

                   http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1542newlawsindies.html

~ SPANISH HISTORY in the AMERICAS ~ SPAIN ~

         SPAIN and the AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR

          Chronology of Events Surrounding Spain’s Participation in the

              American Revolutionary War by Judge Butler, Sr. – SAR Site –

                   http://www.sar.org/mxssar/sphist.htm

          Spain’s involvement in the American Revolutionary War – MAP –

             Links -  By Judge Edward F. Butler, Sr. – 3 parts – Sons of the

             American Revolutionary War Site -         

                   http://www.sar.org/mxssar/spinvo-1.htm

~ SPAIN and the AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR ~ SPAIN ~

            Spanish Contribution to the Revolutionary War – Scroll to:

             Seguin Descendants Site -

                   http://www.seguindescendantshp.com/hispanic.htm

           Spain’s Role in the American Revolutionary War – Links - by Dr.

     Mildred Murry & Chuck Lampman – American Revolution Site -

          http://www.americanrevolution.org/hispanic.html

~ SPAIN and the AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR ~ SPAIN ~

        Spain and the Independence of the United States – Book Review -

             Author – Dr. Tomas E. Chavez – U of British Columbia Site -

                   http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=3906        

        Hispanics in the American Revolutionary War – 1775-1783 –

              Many Links -  Hispanic America USA -

                   http://www.neta.com/%7E1stbooks/revolt_0.htm

~ SPAIN and the AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR ~ SPAIN ~

        Spanish Patriots in the American Revolution – by Granville Hough PhD

              & H. C. Hough – Somo Primos Site –

                   http://www.somosprimos.com/hough/hough.htm

          Bernardo de Galvez – Text – Biography – Utexas Site –

          http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/GG/fga10_print.html

         Spain & Cuba in the Independence of the US – Guaracabuya Site –

                   http://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/oagoo003.php

         “Spanish on the Mississippi River” Stories about the American Revolution – 

               Text – Picture – Links – NSP Site - 

            http://www.nps.gov/revwar/about_the_revolution/colberts_raid.html 

        Revolutionary War – Pensacola FL – Text – Illustrations by

             Frank Howard – Little Town Mart Site –

                   http://www.littletownmart.com/fdh/pensacola-war.htm

~ SPAIN and the AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR ~ SPAIN ~

                 SPANISH AMERICAN WAR 

          Spanish American War – Library of Congress Site -

                   http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/

          The Spanish American War – Photos – Links - Centennial Web Site -

                   http://www.spanamwar.com/

            Spanish American War – Text – Links - MSN Encarta Site –

          http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566463/Spanish-American_War.html    

         Centennial of the Spanish American War – Text – Pictures – Links –

            By Lincoln Cushing – Zpub Site -

                   http://www.zpub.com/cpp/saw.html

          Crucible of Empire – the Spanish American War – PBS Site –

                   http://www.pbs.org/crucible/

~ SPANISH AMERICAN WAR  ~ SPAIN ~

                    SPANISH LANGUAGE               

           Spanish is the Second Most Spoken Language in the World in 22

               Countries Of the World – US MAP – 392 Million Spanish Speakers –

               Spanish Master Site –

          http://www.spanishmaster.com/SpanishMaster/WhySpanish/WhySpanish.html

          Spanish Speaking Countries – MAP – Statistics of Countries

          http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=2016

          New Mexico only Bilingual State – Bilingual Day - Text –

               Spanish & English Official Languages - NMABE Site –

                   http://www.nmabe.net/memorial.html

          Demographic Profile of Hispanics in the US – Text - Graphs -

             NM highest per-cent of Hispanics, 42% - PRCDC Site –

                   http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/hispanics/hispanics.html

~ Spanish Language ~ SPAIN ~

                         World Catholic Population

          World Catholic Population 1.06 Billion in 2001 – The World

             Population is now over Six Billion – Catholic News Site -

                   http://www.cathnews.com/news/302/45.php

          Religious Bodies of the World with at Least One Million Adherents –

             Lists of Various Religions, with Population Numbers – Adherents Site -

                   http://www.adherents.com/adh_rb.html#InterestingFacts

         The Christianization of the Americas – Text – MAP – Images –

              By Jennifer Stephens & Joseph Carter – Utexas Site –

          http://www.utexas.edu/courses/wilson/ant304/projects/projects98/carterp/carterp.html

~ World Catholic Population ~ SPAIN ~

                                   Spanish Money

          Coinage of the Americas – Text – Images of Coins –

              Goldberg Coins Site -

                   http://www.goldbergcoins.com/coinage/

          The Mexican Mint – Established 1535 – Text – Mazatlan Site –

                   http://www.mazatlan.com.mx/store/libertad%20coin.htm

          Spanish-American Colonial Coinage – Text -

                   http://www.coinsite.com/content/Articles/Spanish.asp     

          History of the U.S. Dollar – Text – Links – Wikipedia Site –

                   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_dollar

~  Spanish Money ~ SPAIN ~

          A Coin Called Peso – Text – Photos - Miguel L. Munoz NLG –

               Chicago Coin Club Site -

                   http://www.chicagocoinclub.org/projects/PiN/ccp.html

          The China Trade & Other Trading Patterns up to the 18^th Century

                   http://humanities.cqu.edu.au/history/52148/modules/world_tradeAA.html

          The Economy of New Spain – Reference to Zacatecas Silver

              Mines (1546-1548) & Gold & Silver Coins milled at

              Mexico City – Text – Links - Mex Connect Site –

                http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/travel/dpalfrey/dpcolonial3.html

~  Spanish Money ~ SPAIN ~

                        Spanish Law

          King Alfonso & The Wild West.  Medieval Hispanic Law on

             The US Frontier by Robert I Burns, S.J. – PDF Site -

                   http://www.planetpdf.com/forumarchive/785348.pdf

          “Spanish Law established general principals under which irrigation

              was regulated in NM” – Text – OSE NM Site –

          http://www.ose.state.nm.us/water-info/acequias/acequias-ditches.html

~  Spanish Law ~ SPAIN ~

                               Spanish Highways

            History of the Spanish Colonial Royal Roads – Links –

              Images – LA Office of Culture –

          http://www.crt.state.la.us/crt/ocd/arch/losadaes/_html/2_08_00.htm

~ Spanish Highways ~ SPAIN ~

            El Camino Real from Veracruz to Mexico City – Text –

              MAPS – Photos – by John Todd, Jr. –   

          http://www.johntoddjr.com/15%20Camino%20Real/elcaminoreal.htm

America’s First Highway – “Camino Real de Terra Adentro” –

    Mexico City to Santa Fe” – Text by Blanca Alemant & Rebecca

              Blancarte – El Paso Community College –

          http://www.epcc.edu/ftp/Homes/monicaw/borderlands/17_americas_first_highway.htm

          Camino Real de Terra Adentro – Text – Millersville U Site

          http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/his/CAMREAL1.HIS 

~ Spanish Highways ~ SPAIN ~

          Camino Real – Route from San Diego to Sonoma – Linked 21

             Missions, Pueblos & 4 Presidios –  Text – Links – MAP –

             CA Highways Site –

                   http://www.cahighways.org/elcamino.html

          Camino Real – Old San Antonio Road – Text – Links – UTexas Site –

               http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/OO/exo4.html

~ Spanish Highways ~ SPAIN ~

          El Camino Real de los Tejas – MAP – Text – Links – From

             Natchitoches LA, West to Old Mexico (Hwy 6 LA & Hwy 21 TX)

                   http://www.elcaminorealtx.com/

          The Old Spanish Trail – Santa Fe to Los Angeles – UT History to go Site -

                     http://www.utahhistorytogo.org/spanishtrail.html

          Drive the Old Spanish Trail – Transcontinental Highway

              from St. Augustine FL To San Diego CA – Text – MAP - The Old

              Spanish Trail Site -

                   http://www.drivetheost.com/history.html

~ Spanish Highways ~ SPAIN ~

          Drive the Old Spanish Trail – Transcontinental Highway

              from St. Augustine FL To San Diego CA – Text – MAP - The Old

              Spanish Trail Site -

                   http://www.drivetheost.com/history.html

          The search for a Southern overland route to CA –

             By Harlan Hague – Soft Adventure Site –

                   http://www.softadventure.net/roadcal.htm

          Paths of Empire – The Story of Old Trails Along the Santa Fe –

             Text – MAPS – Titchenal Family Site -

                   http://www.titchenal.com/atsf/ayw1946/paths.html

          Historic Trails of AZ – Text – AZ State Site -

          http://www.pr.state.az.us/partnerships/trails/historictrlstext.html

~ Spanish Highways ~ SPAIN ~

                    Spanish Arts

          Spanish Arts – Many Links –

                   http://www.spanisharts.com/

          Mysteries in the history of Guitar – Text & Links – by

               Thomas Heck – Guitarra Magazine Site –

                   http://www.guitars-of-spain.com/issue37/p2.asp

          History of Flamenco – Text – Links – Classical Guitar

               Illustrated Site –

          http://www.classicalguitarmidi.com/history/flamenco.html

~ Spanish Arts ~ SPAIN ~

                 Spanish Bullfighting & Cattle

Bullfighting in Spain – Current Information –

              http://www.andalucia.com/bullfight/home.htm

Corrida de Toros, Origins & History of Bullfights 

              http://www.red2000.com/spain/toros/index.html

~ Spanish Bullfighting & Cattle ~ SPAIN ~

The Spanish Fiesta Brava, History

              http://coloquio.com/toros/bullhist.html

          Corriente – Spanish Cattle – Brought to America – OK State Site -

                   http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/CORRIENT/

          History of NM Cattle Raising – Text – Marc Simmons –

              NM Agriculture Site –

                   http://www.nmagriculture.org/http217.htm

          Spanish Cattle, History – Text – Pictures -  Rice U. Texas Site -

                   http://www.rice.edu/armadillo/Projects/cattle.html

The History of Cattle Brands – Barb Wire Museum Site -

                  http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/cattlebrandhistory.htm

~ Spanish Bullfighting & Cattle ~ SPAIN ~

                      Spanish Horses

          Spanish Mustangs & Spanish Barbs – History - North American

               Colonial Spanish Horse – Text – Photos - Conquistador Site -

                   http://www.conquistador.com/mustang.html 

          The History of the Spanish Mustangs – Text – Links –

                 Zen Corboys Site –

                   http://www.spanishmustangs.com/history.html

          History of the Spanish colonial Horse – Text – Net Firms Site –

                   http://www.spanishhorse.netfirms.com/page4.htm

           Appaloosa History – Text - Lobo Appaloosas Site -

                   http://www.loboappaloosas.com/History.html

~ Spanish Horses ~ SPAIN ~

                     Spanish Sheep & Goats

Sheep – Brought to America 500 years Ago – ALBC Site -

          http://www.albc-usa.org/sheep.htm        

Goats – Brought to America 500 years Ago – ALBC Site -

          http://www.albc-usa.org/spaishgoat.htm

Colonial Spanish Sheep, Goats, Hogs & Asses in the US - PDF Site –

     By Sponenberg D.P. – Virginia Tech Site – Long Download -

 http://www.uco.es/organiza/servicios/publica/az/articulos/1992/145(extra)/pdf/philip2_415_419.pdf

~ Spanish Sheep & Goats ~ SPAIN ~

Send mail to webmaster@earthlink.net with questions or comments about this web site.
Copyright © 2003 Four Corners SW US
Last modified: 05/21/08