SpanColHistoryRoads

SPANISH COLONIAL

HISTORY & ROADS

Links: ~TIMELINES ~ Don Juan de Onate (1598) ~ San Juan Bautista/ San Gabriel ~

Spanish Colonial Census Records ~ Pueblo Revolt (1680) ~ The Exile (1680-1693) ~

Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo ~ El Paso TX ~ Reconquest (1692) ~ Early Spanish Settlements (1706-1795) ~

Mexican Independence (1810-1821) ~ New Mexican Commerce after 1821 ~

Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1841) ~ US Mexican War (1846-1848) ~ Taos Rebellion (1847) ~

New Mexico Territorial Period ~ Flags Flown Over New Mexico ~

Later Spanish Settlements in NM & CO (1845-1874) ~ Land Grants ~

Four Corners Counties Settled by the Spanish Colonists ~ US Civil War-NM (1850-1912) ~

Trails & Roads ~ Chihuhua Trail ~ El Camino Real de Terra Adentro ~ Los Caminos Antiguos ~

Old Spanish Trail ~ Santa Fe Trail ~ Trappers Trail ~ COMANCHES ~

~ HISTORY & ROADS ~ STATE OF NEW MEXICO ~

~ 4 CORNERS SW USA ~

TIMELINES

Timeline of New Mexico – PPSA Magazine -

http://www.ppsa.com/magazine/NMtimeline.html

Brief Timeline of New Mexico History – Roots Web Site –

http://www.rootsweb.com/~nmbernal/time.htm

New Spain which includes New Mexico - Text – MAP – Links – Wikipedia Site -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain

Spanish Colonization of the Americas – Text – MAP –Links – Wikipedia Site -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas

~ TIMELINES ~ History & Roads ~

CAPITAN GENERAL DON JUAN DE ONATE

The Spanish Colony led by Capitan General Don Juan De Onate included

600 People, 83 Wagons 7,000 Animals & a Caravan 4 miles long

Link to: MEXICO , see ZACATECAS Mexico

Link to: SPAIN see St. AUGUSTINE Florida

The Spanish Settlers established themselves at Link: SAN JUAN PUEBLO

~ Don Juan de Onate ~ History & Roads ~

Juan de Onate – “Contract Developer” - Articles from the

Albuquerque Journal – Cantos Site -

http://cantos.org/consult/Onate.html

Don Juan de Onate – Text - Humanities Interactive Site -

http://www.humanities-interactive.org/onate/onate_essay.html

~ Don Juan de Onate ~ History & Roads ~

Don Juan de Onate – Biography – Twelve Travelers Site –

http://www.twelve-travelers.com/tt_don_juan_onate.htm

Don Juan de Onate – Text – Images – Links – Wikipedia Site –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate

Spanish Road, American Destinies – “Voyages to the Interior”

History of The Spanish Trek on the Camino Real – Inventory,

Journey – by Lawrence B. Walsh – Camino Real Project –

MU Web Site -

http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/his/WALSH-01.HIS

Don Juan de Onate and the First Thanksgiving –by Don Adams & Teresa A.

Kendrick – Historical Text Archive Site -

http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=736

The First Thanksgiving was Catholic – Article – Photos – MAP – by Marian T. Horvat, Ph.D. –

Tradition in Action Site -

http://www.traditioninaction.org/History/B_005_Onate_Thanksgiving.html

Don Juan de Onate – Links to his Inscriptions on El Morro National

Monument – Photos – Links – Text – Rozylowicz Site –

http://www.rozylowicz.com/retirement/elmorro/elmorro.html

~ Don Juan de Onate ~ History & Roads ~

La Historia de la Nueva Mexico – The Cuartocentenario of Juan de Onate –

By Thomas E. Chavez – Museum of NM History Site –

http://www.nmoca.org/CuartoCentenario/lahistoria.html

The Men who Served with Captain General Juan de Onate –

Listings – Gary Felix Site – Genealogy of:

http://members.tripod.com/~GaryFelix/index5E.htm

Soldados de Cuera – Spanish Colonial Armed Forces – Text

and Pictures by Michael R. Hardwick – Military Museum Site -

http://militarymuseum.org/soldados.html

Don Juan Onate – the Cast of the Largest Bronze in the

World by John House – Time Site -

http://www.time.com/time/potw/20020125/9.html

~ Don Juan de Onate ~ History & Roads ~

SAN JUAN BAUTISTA / SAN GABRIEL

Don Juan de Onate & the Colonists first settled at San Juan Bautista.

After a short time, they resettled and moved to San Gabriel, both located at

the San Juan Pueblo NM. In 1607 Don Juan de Onate was banished

from New Mexico, & Don Pedra de Peralta became the new Governor.

San Gabriel, New Mexico’s first Capitol (1598-1610) West Bank of the Rio

Grande River, San Juan de los Caballeros 1^st Settlement, then San Gabriel,

NM History, including the first Spanish Settlement – Kelly Owen Site -

http://www.kelleyowen.com/santafe/juan_de_onate.html

~ San Juan Bautista/San Gabriel ~ History & Roads ~

Mission y Covento on the Plaza in Espanola – Restoration -

Clare Cresap Villa – Espanola Mision y Convento Project

http://198.59.109.7/~gmaclare/emc.html

Photo of where San Gabriel was – NM Entertainment Site –

http://www.newmexicoet.com/nm_photos_nm_hwy_068_01.htm

Historical Marker of San Gabriel – Photos –

http://photos.historicalmarkers.org/v/newmexico/nmrioarriba/006_0622.jpg.html

Conquistadors Capitol, lost site of San Gabriel de Yungue – Article – Time Magazine Site –

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896449,00.html

Area MAP – Fort Tours Site -

http://www.forttours.com/pages/hmwtaosnm.asp

~ San Juan Bautista/San Gabriel ~ History & Roads ~

San Juan Pueblo Topographic MAP – Ingolf Vogeler Site –

http://www.uwec.edu/geography/Ivogeler/w188/relief.htm

History of Occupation – Text – NPS Site –

http://www.nps.gov/elma/hist/hist2a.htm

A Curto Centennial History by Robert Torez – Text – Linkg – NMGS Site –

http://www.nmgs.org/artcuarto.htm

History of Rio Arriba County – Text –

http://www.rio-arriba.org/

The Settlement of New Mexico – History by Robert Torrez – Links - NMGS Site -

http://www.nmgs.org/artcuar2.htm

Native American & Hispanic Communities – Text - Overview – by N. Valdez – UNM Site –

http://www.unm.edu/~nvaldes/326/lect5.html

Santa Fe Spanish History – Founded 1610 – Text – Links – Santa Fe Site –

http://www.santafe.org/Visiting_Santa_Fe/Plan_Your_Trip/History/

History of New Mexico – Blue Book History – Links – Moya Family Site –

http://moya.us/MoyaFamily/history/HIindex.php

MAP Before 1675 Explorers of North America – Site of Links - Voyages –

Conquistadores – Technische Universitet Eindoven Site –

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/exploration_before_1675.jpg

~ San Juan Bautista/San Gabriel ~ History & Roads ~

Spanish Colonial Census Records

NM Census Records – Statewide NM Census Records – Links –

Starting in 1540 – Census Finder Site –

http://www.censusfinder.com/new_mexico.htm

Founding Spanish Families of New Mexico – Research by Antonio Gilbert

Espinosa – from the Santa Fe New Mexican – NM Culture Net Site –

http://www.nmculturenet.org/heritage/cuartocentenario/families.php

~ Spanish Colonial Census Records ~ History & Roads ~

PUEBLO REVOLT 1680

The Pueblo Revolt – Article by Joseph Sando – Native People Magazine Site –

http://www.nativepeoples.com/article/articles/121/1/The-Pueblo-Revolt-of-1680/Page1.html

Trouble for the Spanish – The Pueblo Revolt 1680 – Text by Pedro Ponce –

http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2002-11/pueblorevolt.html

Pueblo Rebellion – Text – Photos – Links – Desert USA Site –

http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/P_rebellion.html

“As they had been in Ancient Times”: Pedro Naranjo relates the Pueblo Revolt, 1680 –

History Matters Site –

http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6527/

The Pueblo Revolt, 1680 – Text – Links – PBS Site –

http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/one/pueblo.htm

The Pueblo Revolt – Text – “Taos Mural” – Links Wikipedia Site –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt

Couriers of the 1680 Pueblo Revolt – Article by Peter Nabokov – Peabody Museum Site –

http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/mcnh_running/revolt.html

~ PUEBLO REVOLT 1680 ~ History & Roads ~

The EXILE

1680-1693

Exile – 1680-1693 – Ysleta – Regrouping (Spanish Colonists from NM) –

http://escritorio.8m.com/books/adobe/htm/V005.htm

The Mission Trail – History of Ysleta & Socorro TX – Missions founded for NM Exiles

from the Pueblo Revolt – Text - MAP – Photos by Alfonso Tellez – NPS PDF Site –

http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/17-2/17-2-17.pdf#ssearch=ysleta%20%1201682’

~ THE EXILE ~ History & Roads ~

Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo

Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo – Founded in 1682 in El Paso County in West Texas, after

the Pueblo Revolt in NM in 1680

http://www.ysletadelsurpueblo.org/

Pueblo Revolt Brought Tiguas South – Article by Jorge L. Melchor Jr. &

Angelica Gutierrez – Links – El Paso Community Site -

http://www.epcc.edu/nwlibrary/borderlands/17_pueblo_revolt.htm

The Tigue of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo – Text – MAP – Clay Hound Site –

http://www.clayhound.us/sites/ysleta.htm

NM Tribes – Rio Grande Pueblos MAP – See Ysleta del Sur Pueblo –

http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/nm/nmmap.html#Ysleta%20del%20Sur%20Pueblo

La Mission de Corpus Christi de San Antonio de la Ysleta del Sur –

http://ysletamission.org/site/index.php?id=4

~ Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo ~ History & Roads ~

EL PASO TX

Founding 1682

El Paso City Toady – El Paso TX City Site –

http://www.ci.el-paso.tx.us/

El Paso County History – Timeline –

http://www.elpasohistory.com/history.html

The Retreat of the Spaniards from New Mexico in 1680, and the beginnings of

El Paso – Text by Charles Wilson Hackett – Utexas Site –

http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/publications/journals/shq/online/v016/n3/article_2.html

~ EL PASO TX ~ THE EXILE ~ History & Roads ~

RECONQUEST

1692

After Reconquest, NM became a Crown colony of Spain (Dependent Territory)

The Reconquista of New Mexico – Text – by Robert J. Torres – NMGS Site -

http://www.nmgs.org/artcuar3.htm

The Reconquista of New Mexico – Text - SOS NM Site -

http://www.sos.state.nm.us/Main/Home%20Pages/NM%20Bluebook/2005%20BLUEBOOK/hist03.htm

Don Diego De Vargas – Text –Links – Wikipedia Site –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Vargas

Threatened Colonies – Information about Northern NM Crown Colony –

Scroll to relevant text – Julian Samora Research Institute Site –

http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter8.html

~ RECONQUEST ~ History & Roads ~

Santa Cruz Church Photo near Plaza of Santa Cruz de la Canada –

Don Diego de Vargas founded – NM Entertainment Site -

http://www.newmexicoet.com/nm_photos_espanola_09.htm

Santa Cruz de la Canada – Historic Districts – Scroll to Listing –

http://www.historicdistricts.com/NM/Santa+Fe/districts.html

~ RECONQUEST ~ History & Roads ~

“La Conquistadora” – Scroll to Don Diego de Vargas – “Our Country’s Oldest Madonna” –

Tradition in Action Site

http://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/a008rp.htm

The History of the Santa Fe Fiesta – Text & Images – Links – Celebrating the

Reconquista of NM – Santa Fe Fiesta Site –

http://www.santafenm.info/fiesta.htm

Cross of the Martyrs – Large Photos by New Mexico Entertainment –

http://www.newmexicoet.com/cross_of_the_martyrs_photos.htm

New Mexico in the 18^th Century – by Robert J. Torres – NMGS Site –

http://www.nmgs.org/artcuar4.htm

Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe –

http://www.palaceofthegovernors.org/

New Mexico Governors since 1598 – Listings – NMCPR Site –

http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/archives/governors.htm

~ RECONQUEST ~ History & Roads ~

Early Spanish Settlements

"The Northern", Northern New Mexicans

1706 Albuquerque Established

1740 Chimayo NM Established

1750 Spanish Settlers from NM began to settled in hamlets along the Rivers -

1751 Las Trampas NM Established

1754 Truchas NM Established

1754 Abiquiu NM – Genizaro Settlement Established

1766 Spanish Settlers came to Cuba NM Area near the Rio Puerco River

1770 Cordova NM Established

1776 Embudo NM Established

1785 El Rito NM Established

1795 Taos Town Established

Late1700's Penasco NM Established

~ Early Spanish Settlements ~ History & Roads ~

MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE

1810-1821

In 1824, New Mexico became a Territory of the Republic of Mexico

Mexican Independence – Text – Images – Links – 1810-1821 –

Sons of Dewitt Colony TX Site -

http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/mexicanrev.htm

Mexican War of Independence – Text – Links – Wikipedia Site –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence

Mexican War of Independence – 1810-1821 – Text – On War Site –

http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/mike/mexico1810b.htm

The Story of Hidalgo’s call for Mexican Independence – Text – Images –

Links – MX Online Site –

http://mexonline.com/grito.htm

The Consequences of Mexican Independence – Text – Links – Digital History Site -

http://www.Digitalhistory.uh.edu/Mexican_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=37

~ MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE ~ History & Roads ~

New Mexican Commerce after 1821

New Mexican Merchants & Mercantile Capitalism – Text – MAP – Tables - NPS Site –

http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/safe/shs5.htm

The Santa Fe Trade – Commerce of the Prairies by Josiah Gregg – Chapter IX –

Kansas Collection Site -

http://www.kancoll.org/books/gregg/gr_ch09_2.htm

~ New Mexican Commerce after 1821 ~ History & Roads ~

Economic & Social Changes in New Mexico: 1821-1881 – by N. Valdes – UNM Site

http://www.unm.edu/~nvaldes/326/lect8.htm

Taos Trade Fairs – Northern NM History – Text - Images – Links – Millicent Rogers Site –

http://www.millicentrogers.org/history_and_culture.htm

19^th Century & the Mexican Period – History - Taos Site –

http://www.laplaza.org/comm/about_taos/history/19th_century.html

Camino Real Navajo Trade Route – Text – MAP – Links Link to 6 pages – Taos

Trading Post Site -

http://www.taostradingpost.com/native_american/camino_real.html

MAP – 1820-1835 Explorers of North America – Site of Links – Voyages – Conquistadores –

Technische Universitet Eindoven Site –

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/exploration_1820.jpg

~ New Mexican Commerce after 1821 ~ History & Roads ~

Texan - Santa Fe Expedition

1841

Texan-Santa Fe Expedition – 1831 – Text – Links – Lone Star Junction Site –

http://www.lsjunction.com/events/santafe.htm

Texan-Santa Fe Expedition – Text – TSGA Sute -

http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/TT/qyt3.html

Texas Santa Fe Expedition – Links – Wikipedia Site –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Santa_Fe_Expedition

~ Texan - Santa Fe Expedition ~ History & Roads ~

US - MEXICAN WAR

1846-1848

In 1846, New Mexico became a Territory of the US

US – Mexican War – Text – Images – Links – Descendants of Mexican War

Veterans Site –

http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/mexwar1.htm

The Mexican viewpoint in the war with the United Sates by Jesus Velasco-

Marquez – La Prensa Site –

http://www.laprensa-sandiego.org/archieve/september11/view.htm

US Mexican War – 1846-1848 – Text – Lone Star Site –

http://www.lone-star.net/mall/texasinfo/mexicow.htm

Mexican War – Many Links – The History Guy Site –

http://www.historyguy.com/Mexican-American_War.html

~ US-MEXICAN WAR ~ History & Roads ~

The Impact of the US-Mexican War – MAP – Brazorio County Site –

http://www.bchm.org/wrr/war/p4c.html no no

The First American Invasion, August 18, 1846 – Stephen Watts Kearney – Text –

Links - Photos – by Larry Calloway –

http://www.larrycalloway.com/historic.html?_recordnum=5

“Kearney’s Code” – Laws the Government of the Territory of NM – by the Avalon

Project at Yale Law School –

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/nm/kearney.htm

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Feb. 2, 1848 – Fordham U NY Site –

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1848hidalgo.html

A Spanish Province becomes part of the US – by Robert Torrez – Chapter 5 –

NMGS Site –

http://www.nmgs.org/artcuar5.htm

New Mexico Documents – Links – by the Avalon Project at Yale Law School –

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/nm/nm.htm

~ US-MEXICAN WAR ~ History & Roads ~

TAOS REBELLION

1847

The Taos Revolt – Text –

http://www.laplaza.org/community/about_taos/history/sovereignty.php3

Cantonment Burgwin 1852-1860 – (Ft. Burgin where a US Garrison was stationed

after the Taos Revolt) – History US Mexican War – Text – Links – by Lawrence

Clark Powell, SW Review – SMU Taos Site –

http://smu.edu/taos/fortburgwin.asp

“The Valley of Taos” – Scroll to: near the end of the text – also use link for, next

part 3, at the top, to continue story – from “The Old Santa Fe Trail” by

Colonel Henry Inman – Full Books Site –

http://www.fullbooks.com/THE-OLD-SANTA-FE-TRAIL2.html

Battle Plan of the so-called Taos Revolt – Image – Sketch accompanying Col. Price

dispatch – Antique Map Shop site –

http://www.antiquemapshop.com/gallery/ShowItem?inventory_number=R10057

Bent’s Old Fort National Historic Site – Text – Photos – NPS Site –

http://www.nps.gov/parkoftheweek/beol.htm

~ Taos Rebellion ~ History & Roads ~

NEW MEXICO TERRITORIAL PERIOD

1850 - 1912

The Territorial Period – by Robert Torrez – Chapter 6 – NMGS Site –

http://www.nmgs.org/artcuar6.htm

New Mexico History – Including the Territorial Period – Text – MAP – Links –

Wikipedia Site –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico

New Mexico – The Territorial Period – Text – Blue Book – SOS NM Site –

http://www.sos.state.nm.us/Main/Home%20Pages/NM%20Bluebook/2005%20BLUEBOOK/hist06.htm

~ New Mexico Territorial Period ~ History & Roads ~

Flags Flown over New Mexico

THE FLAG OF SPAIN,

THE FLAG OF THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO,

THE FLAG OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA,

THE FLAG OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE FLAG OF NEW MEXICO

~ Flags Flown Over New Mexico ~ History & Roads ~~

Later Spanish Settlements in NM & CO 1845-1874

"The Northern", Northern New Mexicans

1845 NM Colonists tried to settle Servilleta Conejos Co CO

but were driven back to NM by the Ute Indians

1849 Group of Citizens from Taos settled on the Conejos River

1850’s Spanish Settlers move into the Del Norte CO Area

1851 Spanish Settlers established Chama & San Francisco CO Costilla Co CO

1851 Spanish Settlers moved into the San Juan River Basin

1851 San Luis Established, Costilla Co CO

1852 San Pablo Established, Costilla Co CO

1852 Los Cerritos Established, Conejos Co CO

1852 Ft. Massachusetts (near present day Ft. Garland), Costilla Co CO

1853 San Acacio Established, Costilla Co CO

1854 Guadalupe Co Established , Conejos Co CO

1855 Conejos Established, Conejos Co CO

1856 Las Mesitas & Mogote Co Settled – Conejos Co CO

1858 Ft. Garland Established, Costilla Co CO

1858 La Garita Established, Saguache Co CO

1858 Carnero Settled (NW of Center CO)

1859 La Loma de San Jose Established, Rio Grande Co CO

~ Later Spanish Settlements in NM & CO ~ History & Roads ~

1860 Los Ojos, Los Brazos & La Puente NM Established, Chama Valley NM

1860’s Spanish Settled Towns from Chama NM to Durango CO

1860's Spanish Settled Towns along the San Juan & Los Pinos Rivers

Arboles, Alcatraz (1892), Rosa (1888), La Boca, Gato, Pagosa

Junction, Juanito & La Posta – Largo (1883), Los Pinos –

“Ghost Towns” covered by the Navajo Dam

San Juan Co NM - Archuleta Co CO

~ Later Spanish Settlements in NM & CO ~ History & Roads ~

186l Costilla NM Established, Taos Co NM

1861 Settlers from NM Squatted along the Trinchera in CO Costilla Co CO

1867 Capulin CO Established Conejos Co CO

1870 La Jara CO Established Conejos Co CO

1870’s Bloomfield NM Established San Juan Co NM

1874 Penasco NM Established Picuris Pueblo

1874 Silverton Co Established, first Settled by Spanish Colonists

From Chama Valley NM San Juan Co CO

1876 The Canon Largo Road opened between Abiquiu NM & Largo NM

Arizona Pioneers - White Mountain Towns Founded by American

Hispanic (Spanish Speaking US Citizens from Northern NM)

http://www.inficad.com/~1stbooks/arizona.htm

The San Luis Valley: "Land of the Six-Armed Cross" – Book by Virginia Simmons -

Includes Information About Early Spanish Settlements in Southern Colorado -

U Press of Colorado Site –

http://www.upcolorado.com/bookdetail.asp?isbn=0-87081-530-X

~ Later Spanish Settlements in NM & CO ~ History & Roads ~

LAND GRANTS

Land Grants in a Nutshell – Text – Malcolm Ebright - SW Books Site –

http://southwestbooks.org/nutshell.htm

New Mexico Land Grants – MAP – Roots Web Site –

http://www.rootsweb.com/~nmguadal/langrant.htm

Spanish-Mexican Land Grants – State of Colorado – MAP –

http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/mlg/mlgmap.html

Preliminary List of Grants from the Land Grant Database Project – Chart – Links

SW Books Site -

http://www.southwestbooks.org/grantsaj.htm

~ LAND GRANTS ~ History & Raods ~

Land Grants & Lawsuits in Northern NM – by Malcolm Ebright – Book Review –

SW Books Site –

http://www.southwestbooks.org/lgintro.htm

Spanish & Mexican Land Grants – Text by Robert J. Torres - NMGS Site -

http://www.nmgs.org/artlandgrnts.htm

United States Court of Private Land Grants – Text – Links Wikipedia Site –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Private_Land_Claims

Researching New Mexico Land Grants – Links – NM State Records –

http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/archives/land_grants.htm

The Maxwell (Beaubien-Miranda) Land Grant & The Colfax County War – Text –

Photos – Links – Sangres Site –

http://www.sangres.com/history/maxwelllandgrant.htm

~ LAND GRANTS ~ History & Raods ~

Santa Fe Ring – Text by William P. Barrett – Scroll to Santa Fe Ring -

http://members.aol.com/wmpb2/CrossWallace/

The Politics of Race – Santa Fe Ring discussed - by Juan Jose Pena, BA, MA,

Ph Candidate -

http://aztlan.net/racenm.htm

Thomas Benton Catron - Short Biography – Links – Wikipedia Site -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Catron

Evolution of El Norte – Text – UNM Site -

http://www.unm.edu/~ecdn/essay2000.html

Hot Issue in Northern NM: Fine Prink of an 1848 Treaty – Text by James Booke –

NY Times Article - http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02EFD6123FF93AA25751C0A96E958260

The Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo – Feb. 2, 1848 – Frodham U NY Site –

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1848hidalgo.html

~ LAND GRANTS ~ History & Raods ~

Counties settled by Spanish Colonists

4 Corners Counties settled by Spanish Colonists

NEW MEXICO: Rio Arriba Co NM ~ Sandoval Co NM ~ San Juan Co NM ~

Taos Co NM ~

COLORADO: Alamosa Co CO ~ Archuleta Co CO ~ Conejos Co CO ~

Costilla Co CO ~ La Plata Co CO ~ Rio Grande Co CO ~

Saguache Co CO ~ San Juan Co CO ~

~ Four Corners Counties Settled by the Spanish Colonists ~ History & Roads ~

US CIVIL WAR - NM

1861-1862

Civil War in NM 1861-1862 – Text – Photos – MAP – NE NM Site

http://nenewmexico.com/civilwar.php

New Mexico in the Civil War – Text & Links by Oliver James Stevens – NMGS Site

http://www.nmgs.org/artcw.htm

The Civil War in New Mexico – Text – Photos – MAPS – Sangres Site –

http://sangres.com/history/civilwarnm.htm

~ US Civil War-NM ~ History & Roads ~

The Civil War in New Mexico – Research Paper by Maria Gonzales – NMCN Site –

http://nmcn.org/heritage/civil_war/essays/5.html

Battle of Glorietta – Image – Text – NPS Site -

http://www.nps.gov/peco/historyculture/copy-of-battleofglorietta.htm

Battle of Glorietta Pass – Text – MAP – Painting – Wikipedia Site -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass

Preserving Glorietta National Battlefield – Text –

http://members.aol.com/gordonkwok/gnb_preserve.html

Investigating the Glorietta Battlefield – Text – Photos – MAP – Links - SG

http://www.sgha.net/glorieta.html

New Mexico Union Regimental Index – Links – The Union Regimental Index Site

http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionnm.htm

Civil War Photos – MAP – Text – Links – NM Entertainment Site –

http://newmexicoet.com/civil_war_photos.htm

~ US Civil War-NM ~ History & Roads ~

TRAILS & ROADS

Links: ~ BEALE WAGON ROAD ~ CHIHUHUA TRAIL ~ EL CAMINO REAL DE TERRA ADVENTRO ~

LOS CAMINOS ANTIGUOS ~ SANTA FE TRAIL ~ SPANISH TRAIL ~

BEALE WAGON ROAD

Road Across AZ & NM near 35^th Parallel, one of three major immigrant

Routes to California - Camels used in Construction of - Route of

Transcontinental Atlantic & Pacific Railroad & Old Route 66

Beale Wagon Road – History - Links - MAP – SW Explorations Site -

http://www.southwestexplorations.com/bealemap.htm

Beale Wagon Road – History - Links – SW Explorations Site –

http://www.southwestexplorations.com/bealehist.htm

Beale Wagon Road – Text – MAP – Williams Ranger District PDF Site -

http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/kai/recreation/trails/handouts/wil_beale.pdf

Beale Wagon Road – History – Links – AZ State Site -

http://www.pr.state.az.us/partnerships/trails/bealewagonroad.html

~ BEALE WAGON ROAD ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

CHIHUHUA TRAIL

550 Miles Long

The Chihuahua Trail was the Northern Part of the El Camino Real - "Trade between

Chihuahua & St. Louis merchants influenced the development of Missouri”

The Chihuahua Trail – Text – Images – Links – Part 1 by Jay Sharp –

Desert USA Site –

http://www.desertusa.com/mag03/trails/trails05.html

The Chihuahua Trail – From Chihuahua Mexico toe Santa Fe NM – 550 miles long -

Part 2 – by Jay Sharp – Desert USA Site –

http://www.desertusa.com/mag03/trails/trails06.html

The Chihuahua Trail – Text – Links – NM State Hwy 85 – Wikipedia –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_Trail

~ CHIHUHUA TRAIL ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

EL CAMINO REAL DE TIERRA ADENTRO

1,700 miles from Mexico City to Santa Fe NM – 6 months to travel – In use for

300 years – "America’s First Highway" –

~ El Camino Real de Terra Adentro ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

“Camino Real de Terra Adentro” Mexico City to Santa Fe” – Text by Blanca

Alemant & Rebecca Blancarte – El Paso Community College –

http://www.epcc.edu/ftp/Homes/monicaw/borderlands/17_americas_first_highway.htm

El Camino Real – Links – Camino Real Heritage Site -

http://caminorealheritage.org/

El Camino Real – Un Sendero Historico – Camino Real Project – Captions from 36

Panels of the Exhibit – MU Web Site –

http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/his/CAMREAL1.HIS

The Camino Real – Text – MAP – Museum of NM Site –

http://www.museumeducation.org/camreal-art-gavin.php

El Camino Real – Narrative by Todd Jagger – Photos by Jim Bones & Todd

Jagger – Alaran Press Site -

http://alacranpress.com/

~ El Camino Real de Terra Adentro ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

LOS CAMINOS ANTIGUOS

129 mile scenic byway – Road goes from Cumbres Pass, east to Antonito, North to

Romeo, west to San Acacio, continuing to San Luis – north to Ft. Garland, west to Blanca,

northwest then north to the San Luis Lakes, west to Mosca, the South to Alamosa

Los Caminos Antiguos – A CO Scenic & Historic Byway – Text – Links – Photos –

Link to Interactive MAP -

http://www.loscaminos.com/

Los Caminos Antiquos – MAP – Photos – Links – Sangres Site –

http://www.sangres.com/byways/caminosantiguos.htm

Romeo to the Rio Grande – Photos – Sangres Site –

http://www.sangres.com/byways/caminosantiguos01.htm

Rio Grande to Ft. Garland – Photos – Sangres Site –

http://sangres.com/byways/caminosantiguos02.htm

Ft. Garland to the San Dunes – Photos – Sangres Site –

http://sangres.com/byways/caminosantiguos03.htm

~ Los Caminos Antiguos ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

SANTA FE TRAIL

900 miles long, 2 1/2 Months to Travel, from Western

Missouri, through Oklahoma, & into New Mexico

Santa Fe Trail – Text – Links to MAPS – Timeline – Sangres Site –

http://www.sangres.com/history/santafetrail/index.htm

Santa Fe Trail MAP – Shows Santa Fe Trail linking to the El Camino Real –

Wikipedia Site -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1845_trailmap.gif

Santa Fe Trail Photo Gallery – National Historic Trail – NAP Site –

http://www.nps.gov/safe/fnl-sft/photos/phoindex/newphoto.htm

Santa Fe Trail Association –

http://www.santafetrail.org/

Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail – Text Photos –

http://www.santafetrailscenicandhistoricbyway.org/significance.html

Freighting: A Big Business on the Santa Fe Trail – by Walker Wyman – Kansas

Historical Quarterly Site –

http://www.kshs.org/publicat/khq/1931/31_1_wyman.htm

~ SANTA FE TRAIL ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

The Military Phase of Santa Fe Freighting – 1846-1865 – Text by Walker D.

Wyman – Historical Quarterlies Site -

http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1932/32_5_wyman.htm

Kansas City Missouri a Famous Freighter Capital by Walker D. Wyman – Kansas

Historical Quarterlies Site –

http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1937/37_1_wyman.htm

The Prairie Traveler- About the Mexican Muleteers & Freighting by Randolph

Barnes Marcy, Captain USA – Kansas Collection Site –

http://kancoll.org/books/marcy/machap04.htm

“Unsung Hero of the SW” – The Mule – El Defensor Chieftain Site –

http://dchieftain.com/opinion/opinion3_11292003.html

Traders, Trappers & Mountain Men by Thomas G. Alexander – Utah History to Go Site –

http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/traderstrappersandmountianmen.html

~ SANTA FE TRAIL ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

OLD SPANISH TRAIL

Trade Route From Santa Fe to Los Angeles, distance 1,120 miles. Overland

expedition from Mexico established a mission in 1769 at San Diego – Little development

until 1821 when the Mexican revolution was successful - This was a trail & not a wagon road -

~ Old Spanish Trail ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

History of The Old Spanish Trail – MAP – SLV Museum Trail Site -

http://www.museumtrail.org/OldSpanishTrail.asp

“The longest crookedest, most arduous pack mule route in America” -

Narrative, with an old MAP – Homestead Museum Site –

http://www.homesteadmuseum.org/family/mapost.htm

~ Old Spanish Trail ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

“Rediscovering the old route from Santa Fe to Los Angeles”

Eastern Segment Southern Branch Santa Fe NM, to Tierra Amarilla NM,

to present day Arboles CO, Durango CO, Dolores CO, Moab UT

North Branch – Santa Fe NM, Taos NM, to present day Alamosa CO,

Saguache CO, Cochetopa Pass, Gunnison CO, Montrose CO, Delta CO,

Grand Junction CO, Green River UT – by Martha & Ed Quillen – COZINE Site –

http://www.cozine.com/archive/cc1994/00040161.html

Agua Mansa: An Outpost of San Gabriel CA (1842-1850) – Scroll to text about

about families from Abiquiu NM, migrating to CA on the Spanish Trail -

by Bruce Harley – CA Missions Site –

http://www.ca-missions.org/harleyagua.html

The Old Spanish Trail – Santa Fe to Los Angeles – UT History to Go Site –

http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/thespanishtrailcutapaththroughutah.html

Old Spanish Trail Association – MAP – Old Spanish Trail Site -

http://www.oldspanishtrail.org/

Old Spanish Trail Association – MAP – Utah History to go Site –

The Old Spanish Trail – Santa Fe to Los Angeles – UT History to Go Site –

http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/thespanishtrailcutapaththroughutah.html

~ Old Spanish Trail ~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

TRAPPERS TRAIL

The Trappers Tail went from Taos NM to Arroyo Hondo NM, to Costilla NM

To the confluence of the Rio Grande River & the Culebra River in CO,

North to the Arkansas River at Pueblo CO, and into Ft. Laramie WY

Legendary Trails – Text with Links – Sangres Site –

http://sangres.com/history/trails.htm

Arkansas River Crossing – Trappers Trail – Accounts of – by Richard Gehing –

http://www.geocities.com/peaker59/ArkansasRiverCrossing.html

Ft. Laramie Photos – Text – Terminus of the Trappers Trail –

http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/photos.html

Brief history & MAP of Colorado’s Cherokee Trail -

http://www.geocities.com/peaker59/history.html

MAP – Showing the Trappers Trail – Colorado Trails – by Richard Gehling -

http://www.geocities.com/peaker59/history.html

Riding the “Trapper’s Trail” by Curtiss Frank – Early 19^th Century –

http://www.ranchoarriba.com/trap.htm

~ TRAPPERS TRAIL~ Trails & Roads ~ History & Roads ~

COMANCHES

After the Reconquest of New Mexico, the Comanches, who now had the

horse, became a major threat to the Spanish Colonists

Comanche Timeline – Comanche Language Site -

http://www.comanchelanguage.org/Comanche%20Timeline.htm

Comanche Nation – MAP – Links – Wikipedia Site –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche

Comanche – Text – Links – Images – Native Americans Site –

http://www.nativeamericans.com/Comanche.htm

“The Comanches” – Text by Lee Sultzman – Part One & Part Two

http://www.tolatsga.org/ComancheOne.html

Lt. Colonel Jan Bustista de Anza 1779 Campaign against

Comanche Chief Cuerno Verde – U Oregon Site -

http://anza.uoregon.edu/anza79.html

~ COMANCHES ~ History & Roads ~